Is your dog drinking more water than usual? Has their belly started to look swollen? These could be signs of Cushing’s disease, a common hormonal disorder in older dogs.
Cushing’s disease happens when your dog’s adrenal glands produce too much cortisol, causing symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, excessive panting, and a pot-bellied appearance.
When left untreated, this condition can seriously affect your dog’s quality of life. The good news is that with proper diagnosis and management, many dogs with Cushing’s disease (also called hyperadrenocorticism) can live comfortable lives. Most cases are caused by either a tumor in the pituitary gland or the adrenal glands themselves.
Recognizing the early signs of Cushing’s disease can help you get your furry friend the care they need.
If you notice your dog panting excessively, having increased appetite, or developing thin skin or hair loss, it’s important to consult your veterinarian for proper testing and treatment options.
Key Takeaways
- Cushing’s disease occurs when a dog’s adrenal glands produce excessive cortisol, causing symptoms like increased thirst, urination, and a pot-bellied appearance.
- The condition typically stems from either pituitary gland tumors or adrenal gland issues and is most common in middle-aged to older dogs.
- With proper veterinary care and management, dogs with Cushing’s disease can maintain a good quality of life despite this chronic condition.
Understanding Cushing’s Disease
Cushing’s disease affects your dog’s hormone production system. This condition causes the body to make too much cortisol, which can lead to serious health problems if left untreated.
Defining Hyperadrenocorticism
Cushing’s disease in dogs is also known medically as hyperadrenocorticism. This condition occurs when your dog’s body produces excessive amounts of cortisol, a stress hormone naturally made by the adrenal glands.
Cortisol plays important roles in your dog’s body:
- Helps respond to stress
- Regulates body weight
- Controls blood sugar levels
- Fights infections
When too much cortisol circulates in your dog’s bloodstream for long periods, it damages organs and disrupts normal body functions. Your dog’s body is designed to release cortisol during stressful situations, but with Cushing’s, the cortisol levels stay high all the time.
Types of Cushing’s Disease
There are three main types of Cushing’s disease that affect dogs:
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Pituitary-dependent Cushing’s – This is the most common form, affecting 80-85% of dogs with the condition. It happens when a tumor (usually benign) develops in the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. This tumor triggers excessive production of a hormone that tells the adrenal glands to make more cortisol.
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Adrenal-dependent Cushing’s – This type occurs when a tumor grows directly on one of the adrenal glands, causing it to produce too much cortisol regardless of the body’s needs.
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Iatrogenic Cushing’s – This happens when your dog receives too many steroid medications over time, creating symptoms similar to natural Cushing’s disease.
Causes of Cushing’s Disease
Cushing’s disease in dogs stems from three main sources: pituitary gland tumors, adrenal gland tumors, and medication side effects. Each cause leads to excess cortisol production in your dog’s body.
Pituitary-Dependent Causes
The most common cause of Cushing’s disease is a tumor in the pituitary gland, accounting for 85-90% of all cases. This condition is known as Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism.
These tumors are typically small and benign (non-cancerous). They’re located at the base of your dog’s brain in the pituitary gland.
When these tumors develop, they produce too much ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). This hormone signals the adrenal glands to make cortisol.
The excess ACTH causes both adrenal glands to enlarge and produce too much cortisol. This overproduction leads to the symptoms associated with Cushing’s disease in your pet.
Adrenal-Dependent Causes
About 15-20% of Cushing’s cases result from tumors in the adrenal glands. This form is called Adrenal-Dependent Cushing’s.
These tumors can be either benign or malignant (cancerous). They directly produce excess cortisol, bypassing the body’s normal control mechanisms.
Usually, only one adrenal gland develops a tumor. The affected gland enlarges while the healthy one often shrinks due to lack of stimulation.
Adrenal tumors tend to occur in medium to large breed dogs. They may spread to other organs if malignant, making this form potentially more serious.
Iatrogenic Cushing’s Disease
Iatrogenic Cushing’s disease happens when your dog receives long-term or high doses of steroid medications like prednisone or dexamethasone.
These medications contain synthetic versions of cortisol. When given in high doses or for extended periods, they can mimic the effects of naturally occurring Cushing’s disease.
Common reasons for steroid treatment include allergies, immune disorders, or inflammation. The symptoms develop gradually as treatment continues.
Unlike other forms of Cushing’s, iatrogenic Cushing’s can be reversed by slowly tapering off the medication under your veterinarian’s supervision.
Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms
Cushing’s disease in dogs presents with a distinct set of physical and behavioral changes that develop gradually. Being able to identify these signs early can lead to faster diagnosis and more effective treatment for your pet.
Physical Changes
Your dog may develop a pot-bellied appearance as fat redistributes to the abdominal area, which is a classic sign of Cushing’s disease.
You might notice significant hair loss, particularly on the trunk, leaving the skin looking thin or fragile.
Skin problems are common, including recurring infections and slow healing of wounds. The skin may appear thinner, and bruising can happen more easily.
Weight gain often occurs despite no changes in diet, and your dog may develop muscle weakness, especially in the legs. This weakness can make it difficult for them to climb stairs or jump onto furniture.
Heat intolerance is another symptom to watch for—you might notice your dog panting excessively even when it’s not hot or they haven’t been active.
Behavioral Alterations
An increased appetite is a hallmark sign of Cushing’s disease. Your dog may seem hungry all the time, even right after eating.
This often occurs alongside increased thirst and urination—your dog might drink more water than usual and need to go outside more frequently.
You may notice your previously house-trained dog having accidents indoors due to the increased urination, sometimes leading to incontinence, especially at night.
Lethargy and reduced activity are common behavioral changes. Your once energetic pet might seem less interested in play or exercise and tire more quickly during activities they used to enjoy.
Changes in sleep patterns might also occur, with your dog seeming restless at night or sleeping more during the day.
Diagnosing Cushing’s Disease
Diagnosing Cushing’s disease in your dog involves several tests to confirm the condition and determine its specific type.
Veterinarians typically start with basic blood and urine tests before moving to specialized hormone tests.
Blood and Urine Tests
Initial testing usually includes a complete blood count and chemistry panel to check your dog’s overall health.
These tests often show changes that suggest Cushing’s disease, like increased liver enzymes, high cholesterol, and high blood sugar.
A urinalysis is equally important in the diagnostic process.
Dogs with Cushing’s disease typically have dilute urine and may show protein in their urine. Your vet might also check the urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio, which can be elevated in affected dogs.
These initial tests don’t confirm Cushing’s disease on their own but help your vet decide if more specific testing is needed.
Advanced Diagnostic Tests
The ACTH Stimulation Test is one of the most common specific tests.
It measures how well your dog’s adrenal glands respond to a hormone that stimulates cortisol production.
Your vet will take a blood sample, then inject ACTH, and take another sample to compare cortisol levels.
The Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test (LDDST) is considered the preferred screening test in most cases.
This test not only helps diagnose Cushing’s disease but can also indicate which type your dog has.
Your dog will receive a small dose of dexamethasone, and blood samples are taken at specific intervals to measure cortisol suppression.
For challenging cases, your vet might recommend additional tests or imaging to locate potential tumors affecting the pituitary or adrenal glands.
Treatment Options for Cushing’s Disease
Managing your dog’s Cushing’s disease involves several treatment approaches depending on the underlying cause.
The right treatment can help control symptoms and improve your pet’s quality of life.
Medicinal Treatments
Trilostane (Vetoryl®) is the only FDA-approved medication for treating both pituitary and adrenal-dependent Cushing’s disease in dogs.
This medication works by blocking the production of cortisol in the adrenal glands. Your vet will need to monitor your dog’s response with regular blood tests.
Mitotane (Lysodren®) is another medication option that was commonly used before trilostane. It actually destroys the layers of the adrenal gland that produce cortisol. This medication requires careful monitoring due to potential side effects.
For pituitary-dependent Cushing’s, Selegiline (Anipryl) may be prescribed in some cases, though it’s generally less effective than other options.
Surgical Interventions
For dogs with adrenal tumors, surgical removal may be recommended if the tumor appears benign and hasn’t spread. Surgery can potentially cure adrenal-dependent Cushing’s if the tumor is successfully removed.
Pituitary tumors are more challenging to address surgically due to their location in the brain. This type of surgery is not commonly performed in dogs and is typically only available at specialized veterinary centers.
Radiation therapy might be suggested for dogs with pituitary tumors that aren’t candidates for surgery. This can help shrink the tumor and reduce symptoms.
Managing Cushing’s Disease
Successful management of Cushing’s disease requires both medication and lifestyle changes. Dogs with this condition can live comfortable lives when properly treated and monitored.
Lifestyle Adjustments
Dogs with Cushing’s disease need special care at home to stay healthy.
Water is extremely important – always keep fresh water available since these dogs are often very thirsty. You should expect your dog to drink and urinate more than normal.
Your dog will likely feel hungrier due to the disease. Work with your vet to create a balanced, portion-controlled diet to prevent weight gain. Cushing’s dogs often have increased appetite, which makes weight management challenging.
Schedule regular, gentle exercise to maintain muscle strength and healthy weight. Short, low-impact walks are better than intense activity.
Create a comfortable resting area with soft bedding since skin problems are common. Check your dog’s skin regularly for infections or thinning.
Monitoring and Follow-Up
Regular veterinary exams are crucial for successfully managing Cushing’s disease. Your vet will need to see your dog frequently – often every 3-6 months depending on your dog’s condition.
Blood tests will be a regular part of treatment. These tests check:
- Cortisol levels
- Liver and kidney function
- Electrolyte balance
Your vet may adjust medication dosages based on these results. Medications like trilostane (Vetoryl) are commonly used to reduce cortisol production and must be carefully monitored.
Keep a symptom diary between visits. Note changes in:
- Thirst and urination
- Appetite and energy levels
- Skin or coat conditions
- Breathing patterns
Report any concerning symptoms to your vet immediately, especially lethargy, vomiting, or diarrhea, which could indicate medication side effects.
Complications and Concurrent Diseases
Dogs with Cushing’s disease often develop other serious health issues as the condition progresses. These complications can sometimes be as concerning as the primary disease itself and require additional management strategies.
Diabetes and Cushing’s
When your dog has Cushing’s disease, their risk of developing diabetes mellitus increases significantly.
This happens because the excess cortisol in their system causes insulin resistance. Your dog’s body produces insulin, but the cells can’t use it properly to absorb glucose.
Watch for these warning signs:
- Increased thirst and urination (beyond what’s already caused by Cushing’s)
- Sudden weight loss despite increased appetite
- Sweet-smelling breath
Managing a dog with both conditions is challenging but possible. Treatment typically requires insulin injections and careful monitoring of blood sugar levels. About 10% of dogs with Cushing’s disease will develop diabetes mellitus.
Your veterinarian may need to adjust treatments for both conditions simultaneously, as managing one can affect the other.
High Blood Pressure and Other Conditions
High blood pressure commonly occurs in dogs with untreated Cushing’s disease.
This can damage vital organs including the heart, kidneys, and eyes if left uncontrolled.
Other serious complications include:
- Blood clots and thromboembolism: Cushing’s increases clotting factors in the blood
- Recurrent infections: The immune system becomes suppressed
- Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas
- SARDS (Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome): Can cause sudden blindness
Some dogs may develop complications from the growth of pituitary tumors that can press on brain tissue. Signs include disorientation, pacing, or changes in behavior.
Regular monitoring through blood tests and blood pressure checks is essential. Your veterinarian may prescribe additional medications to manage these concurrent conditions alongside treatment for Cushing’s disease.
Prognosis and Life Expectancy
Understanding what to expect after a Cushing’s disease diagnosis can help you make informed decisions about your dog’s care. The outlook varies depending on several factors, including treatment options and your dog’s overall health.
Factors Affecting Prognosis
Dogs with Cushing’s disease typically live about 1½ years with treatment, though many can live longer with proper care. The type of Cushing’s disease significantly impacts prognosis.
Dogs with pituitary-dependent Cushing’s can live normal lives for many years if the condition is well-managed. This is the most common form.
Adrenal tumors carry a different outlook. Benign tumors, when surgically removed, can lead to a complete cure. Malignant tumors have a more guarded prognosis.
Age at diagnosis also matters. Younger dogs often respond better to treatment than older dogs with multiple health issues.
Without treatment, life expectancy drops to only 6-18 months, especially if tumors are cancerous or affect the brain.
Quality of Life Considerations
Your dog can maintain good quality of life with proper management of Cushing’s disease. Regular monitoring and medication adjustments are essential to control symptoms.
Common improvements after treatment include:
- Reduced excessive drinking and urination
- Return to normal appetite levels
- Regrowth of hair
- Increased energy and activity
Watch for side effects of medications, which may require dosage adjustments. Some treatments can initially cause lethargy or digestive upset.
Natural remedies may complement traditional treatments to support your dog’s comfort and wellbeing.
Difficult decisions may arise as the disease progresses. Consider your dog’s comfort when evaluating when treatment is no longer beneficial. Quality of life assessments should focus on pain levels, mobility, and ability to enjoy favorite activities.
Owner’s Guide to Caring for a Dog with Cushing’s
Living with a dog who has Cushing’s disease requires special care and attention. Your furry friend needs your help to manage their symptoms and maintain their quality of life.
Regular Exams are crucial for dogs with Cushing’s disease. You should schedule veterinary check-ups every 3-6 months to monitor your dog’s condition and adjust treatment as needed.
Watch for excessive panting, which is a common symptom of Cushing’s. Your dog may pant even when resting or when it’s not hot. This can be a sign that medication adjustments might be needed.
Treatment Options vary based on your dog’s specific needs. Most dogs with Cushing’s require medication to control cortisol levels. Regular blood tests help your vet determine the right dosage.
Vetoryl (trilostane) is the most commonly prescribed medication. You’ll need to:
- Give it with food
- Monitor for side effects
- Never skip doses
- Follow your vet’s instructions exactly
Keep fresh water available at all times, as dogs with Cushing’s often experience increased thirst and urination.
Create a consistent feeding schedule with a diet recommended by your vet. Some dogs benefit from lower fat and higher fiber options.
Track your dog’s symptoms in a journal. Note any changes in drinking, eating, urination, and energy levels to share with your vet.
Recent Advances in Cushing’s Treatment
Treating your dog’s Cushing’s disease has become more effective thanks to several new developments in veterinary medicine. Veterinarians now have more options than ever to help your furry friend feel better.
The FDA has approved Vetoryl (trilostane) as the only medication for both pituitary and adrenal-dependent Cushing’s in dogs. This medication works by blocking the production of cortisol and has become a standard treatment option for many dogs.
Surgical options have also improved significantly. If your dog’s condition is caused by a tumor, surgical removal might be recommended. This includes hypophysectomy for pituitary-dependent Cushing’s or adrenalectomy for adrenal tumors.
For cases where surgery isn’t possible, radiation therapy has shown promising results for dogs with pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease. This targeted approach helps reduce tumor size while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
Diagnostic improvements have made a big difference too. With new testing methods and imaging procedures, your vet can diagnose Cushing’s more accurately and quickly. The ACTH stimulation test is valued for its simplicity and short duration.
You should expect to see improvements in your dog’s symptoms within a few weeks of starting treatment. However, changes in skin and coat condition may take several months to become noticeable.
Regular monitoring is essential for dogs on Cushing’s medication. Your vet will schedule follow-up visits to check hormone levels and adjust dosage as needed.
Frequently Asked Questions
Cushing’s disease affects many dogs and causes a range of concerning symptoms. Understanding key aspects of this condition can help pet owners make informed decisions about their dog’s care.
What are the initial symptoms to look out for in a dog that might indicate Cushing’s disease?
The early signs of Cushing’s disease can be subtle but tend to progress over time. You might notice your dog drinking more water and urinating more frequently than usual.
Your dog may develop a pot-bellied appearance as muscles weaken and fat redistributes in the abdomen. Hair loss or thinning is common, particularly along the back, tail, and rear legs.
Excessive panting, even when not hot or exercising, can be another warning sign. Your dog might also show increased appetite, skin problems, or seem more tired than usual.
How is Cushing’s disease diagnosed in dogs?
Diagnosing Cushing’s disease typically requires several tests since the symptoms can mimic other conditions. Your veterinarian will usually start with blood and urine tests to look for patterns typical of the disease.
Specific hormone tests, like the ACTH stimulation test or low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, help confirm the diagnosis. These tests check how your dog’s body handles cortisol.
Abdominal ultrasound may be recommended to examine the adrenal glands and check for tumors. Sometimes chest X-rays are needed, especially if breathing issues are present.
Can the progression of Cushing’s disease in dogs be prevented or slowed down?
While Cushing’s disease cannot be prevented entirely, early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and slow progression. Starting treatment when symptoms are first noticed often leads to better outcomes.
Regular medication as prescribed by your veterinarian is crucial for controlling the disease. Most treatments manage symptoms rather than cure the condition, but they can significantly improve quality of life.
Maintaining a consistent schedule for medications and keeping all follow-up appointments helps monitor your dog’s response to treatment and adjust as needed.
What is the life expectancy of dogs diagnosed with Cushing’s disease?
With proper treatment, many dogs with Cushing’s disease can live relatively normal lives for years after diagnosis. The prognosis depends on the cause of the disease and how well it responds to treatment.
Dogs with pituitary-dependent Cushing’s typically have a better prognosis than those with adrenal tumors. Most dogs live about 2-3 years after diagnosis, though many live longer with good care.
The age at diagnosis and presence of other health conditions also affect life expectancy. Your dog’s specific situation and response to treatment will determine their individual outlook.
Are there dietary recommendations for dogs diagnosed with Cushing’s disease?
Dogs with Cushing’s disease often benefit from a diet lower in fat and calories to help manage weight gain. Higher protein diets may help prevent muscle loss which is common with the condition.
Consider feeding smaller, more frequent meals throughout the day to help regulate blood sugar levels. This can be especially important as Cushing’s disease can affect how the body processes glucose.
Sodium restriction may be recommended if your dog develops high blood pressure. Always consult with your veterinarian before making dietary changes, as needs vary based on your dog’s specific condition.
At what stage of Cushing’s disease in dogs is medical intervention most beneficial?
Medical intervention is most beneficial when started soon after symptoms appear and diagnosis is confirmed. Early treatment helps prevent the worsening of symptoms and secondary complications.
Frequent blood tests and veterinary checkups are usually required during the first few months of treatment. This helps your veterinarian adjust medication dosages for optimal control.
In advanced cases, treatment can improve quality of life and manage uncomfortable symptoms. The decision to treat should be based on your dog’s overall health and how the disease affects their daily life.
